On November 10, 2021, Varuzhan Geghamyan, an assistant professor at Yerevan State University in Armenia, received a notification from Apple on his phone. His device had been compromised by Pegasus, a sophisticated piece of spyware created by the Israeli NSO Group that has been used by governments to spy on and repress journalists, activists, and civil society groups. But Geghamyan was mystified as to why he’d been targeted.
“At the time, I was delivering public lectures and giving commentaries, appearing on local and state media,” he says. He was mainly speaking about the ongoing conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, a disputed territory that is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan but has
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